Nuclear War Why we Need our Nukes Essay Example For Students

Nuclear War: Why we Need our Nukes Essay Nuclear War: Why we Need our NukesAfter much research and discussion I have decided to bring up the constant and ever rising conflict of nuclear warfare and why we need to keep our nuclear weapons. I believe very strongly that we need to keep, test, and build nuclear weapons, people will say that we need to keep a peaceful world and ban all nuclear weapons. The people that talk like that are simply ignorant; because if there is ever any kind of nuclear war or any type of superior threat that needs to be dealt with strongly and promptly nuclear force is most likely going to be the most tactical and reasonable choice.If all the test ban treaties ever written were to come into effect our nation would be in serious danger. Due to the simple fact that everybody else would advance in the world of nuclear technology why we are over here sitting on our sorry asses trying to make the world a better place for plants, animals, and ourselves. I believe either our nation is incredibly ignorant or they are not telling the public everything the amendment grants to us. I strongly believe that if we knew everything that was going on in the world of nuclear warfare, the opinions of very many people would change.Right now as we speak Russia, China, Pakistan and many other countries have access to nuclear weapons which makes them a threat! So why they develop new ways to nuke us, we are fighting with the people about weather or not we should waste tax dollars on a project that could some day save the lives of the United States. You cant forget that nuclear weapons are not used so much as a weapon but as a deterrent. What I am saying by that is, instead of finishing a war with nukes, we could prevent the war all together by using the nukes as a scary little tactic to keep them at bay.This will never be a nuclear free world, you cant dismiss the ever growing world of technology, there will always be the threat of nuclear war, and if its not nukes it will be something more advanced and more dangerous. I just dont understand the big deal!Whoops, hit the wrong button. I really dont care much about the people, or the particular arguments involved on either side. I can only say that it is not something that can ever be right or wrong one way or the other. I dont truly believe that any one with nukes ever intends to use them, but I think the point of nukes is the what if scare factor. Is anyone really willing to take that chance? Nuclear weapons have become the standard for gaining international voice and power, and as far as I can see there really is no other medium for gaining either. The only way for a poor, unindustrialized country (such as Pakistan) to be heard is to instill a fear of annihilation, or just severe damage, in the hearts of the people of other more developed countries. Lets face it, if they didnt scare us, we would never look twice in their direction. Nuclear weapons are, I feel, a permanent part of our world for as long as it continues to exist. Mine as well get used to them.Here is an interview given on Tuesday night to Michael KreponI fear the treaty will be in limbo for many, many yearsMichael Krepon provided rare insight into the arcane Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty on Tuesday night. The president of the Henry L Stimson Centre was engaged in an illuminating discussion with some of Indias bestknown analysts on defence issues Achin Vanaik, Praful Bidwai, Raja Mohan and C Uday Bhaskar. Check out the transcript. Its fascinating.amberish (Tue Aug 13 20:58:41 1996 IST): Mr Krepon, let us begin now. Would you like to comment on how non-officals in the US views Indias stand? Krepon (Tue Aug 13 21:02:21 1996 IST): Amberish: The idea of a timetable for diarmament remains firmly rooted in the game-plans of many states and NGOs, but Im not sure that the idea is spreading. The NWSexcept Chinaremain firmly opposed. The negotiating tactics by some NNWS in Geneva demanding more by way of preambular commitments toward complete nuclear disarmament may be tragically wrong. These tactics assume that the NWS are the demandeurs for a CTBT, and that this provides leverage to get more on disarmament. In fact, only the US Government is strongly interested in a CTBT at this point. The other NWS would just as soon see the Treaty wither and die. Moreover, support for the CTBT here in the US cannot be taken for grantedwitness the Republican Partys presidential platform calling for a resumption of testing and opposition to CTBT ratification. The chances for a CTBT are slipping away. pat (Tue Aug 13 21:03:44 1996 IST): Hello Mr Krepon,Why should India sign CTBT when it is surrounded by neighbours who have a track record of hostilities commited against India.amberish (Tue Aug 13 21:06:44 1996 IST): Mr Krepon, true that at this stage it is the US pushing the CTBT while others would rather watch it die. That is exactly the fear, especially Indias, that others really do not want to de-arm. And how far can India go with a China on its borders, which even the US is wary of?Nikhil Lakshman (Tue Aug 13 21:07:02 1996 IST): Mr Krepon, has Pakistan agreed to sign the CTBT? Is it true that Washington has struck a deal with Beijing to persuade Pakistan to sign the CTBT?Krepon (Tue Aug 13 21:07:19 1996 IST): Nikhil and Amberish: Many thanks for inviting me to join you tonight for this chat. I am grateful to you for opening this direct line of communication. Right now, the Clinton Administration is quite concerned that chances for a truly comprehensive and verifiable test ban treaty are slipping away, in part because of Indias stand, in part by the non-constructive roles played by other countries. Most recently, Iran has indicated that it would join India in taking blocking action, preventing the transmission of the CTBT from Geneva to the UN General Assembly. Im not sure that this is the kind of company that India wishes to keep. Vinay (Tue Aug 13 21:09:43 1996 IST): Mr Krepon, does this mean you wish India to sign the CTBT?amberish (Tue Aug 13 21:10:59 1996 IST): Mr Krepon, perhaps Irans stance comes about because right now the US is planning sanctions against Iran. An Iran pushed against the wall is hardly going to be cooperative. And while, I suppose, India is wary of being identified too closely with Iran, its opposition to just a CTBT has been constant.Krepon (Tue Aug 13 21:11:51 1996 IST): Nikhil: Chinas support for a CTBT has been less than fulsome, as is evident by Beijings opposition to a flexible entry-into-force formula for the Treaty. My sense is that Islamabad would have great difficulty signing the CTBT if New Delhi refuses to do so. Benazirs political opposition has expressed itself against this course of action, which limits her freedom of maneuver on this issue. I am not privvy to whatever deal was struck between the US and Chinese governments, but I doubt if Beijing could or would choose to force Islamabads hand on signing the Treatyassuming one emerges from Geneva.amberish (Tue Aug 13 21:14:34 1996 IST): Mr Krepon, India is against joining the CTBT for fear of its security. So is the US in a position to give some sort of a guarantee against a nuclear threat to India? How valid and useful would such a guarantee be?Nikhil Lakshman (Tue Aug 13 21:16:39 1996 IST): Mr Krepon, There is amazing consensus on this issue in India and no political party would ever risk ignoring that consensus and sign the CTBT. Again, many Indians feel Washington persistently ignores New Delhis security concerns, so why they feel should India go along with the US on this issue? Krepon (Tue Aug 13 21:17:41 1996 IST): Amberish: Iran is actively pursuing the nuclear option, as is evident from Tehrans purchasing interests on black markets, and its odd pursuit for a nuclear power program, despite its considerable oil reserves. Tehran would not be too displeased if the CTBT didnt happen, which may account for its unfortunate blocking tactics. Vinay: Yes, I would like India to sign Nehrus treaty, and I would like India not to block other states from signing Nehrus treaty. This treaty is an essential precondition to the elimination of nuclear weapons. I believe it would be tragic to loose this treaty in pursuit of objectives that are unobtainable at this time.Nikhil Lakshman (Tue Aug 13 21:20:29 1996 IST): Is there a way out of the impasse? Or will the CTBT go ahead minus India, Iran and Pakistan? What happens three years hence? Some Indians fear likely sanctions if New Delhi refuses to sign by that deadline. Do you think that is possible? rajamohan (Tue Aug 13 21:21:30 1996 IST): hi michael, this is raja mohan and c uday bhaskar at the same number. could you tell us about the prospects for ratification of the ctbt in us congress, since the republicans seem tohave come out against the ctbt in their election platform?amberish (Tue Aug 13 21:23:30 1996 IST): Mr Krepon, the history of disarmament talks has been one of failures. And it fails because the status quo do not give any margin to accommodate the other powers-in-waiting. So how can this rigidity of the statu quo powers be overcome. And why on earth do Britain and France need nuclear weapons today. If they were to agree to disarm, would it not go a long way in convcing others of genuing disarmament desires?Nikhil Lakshman (Tue Aug 13 21:25:50 1996 IST): Mr Krepon,invoking Gandhi and Nehru may cut little ice with the Indian people who are fed up with what they interpret as Washingtons consistent balming of Pakistani interests, despite evidence of that countrys nuclear programme. In any case, why is Indias demand that the nuclear powers set a deadline for the obliteration of their nuclear arsenals impractical?uday bhaskar (Tue Aug 13 21:30:03 1996 IST): michael, has there ever been an EIF of this nature where a nation that is opposing the draft is being named or shall we say being dragged into the treaty?and as a follow up why was the US not able to prevail with the original EIF which talked about the five nuclear powers only?StarWar (Tue Aug 13 21:30:08 1996 IST): Does this episode emphasise the rhythm that third world countries can influence the world, only, by putting their foot down? Comments..amberish (Tue Aug 13 21:31:36 1996 IST): Mr Krepon, can there not be a CTBT minus the recaltricant nations, who might be persuaded to join a few years later if they realise that there is no point in being out of the CTBTKrepon (Tue Aug 13 21:33:13 1996 IST): To Pat, Kikhil Amberish: I dont believe India would seek or accept US security guarantees in order to sign the CTBT. Relevant sociological literature Essay The simple reason is that a number of countries really dont want the CTBT to enter into force, and are using this procedural device to leave the nuclear option open. India has risen to the bait, and now, I fear, the Treaty will remain in limbo for many, many years. Surely, this is a great shame. praful and achin : (Tue Aug 13 21:57:59 1996 IST): what is missing from the Indian debate is that the draft provides for a future conference that can alter the EIF provision. Nikhil Lakshman (Tue Aug 13 21:58:00 1996 IST): Thank you, Mr Krepon. But the situation in India is about the same. No Indian prime minister could afford to sign the CTBT. It would be the chalice of hemlock for him. Just as a declaration that we seek from the US would be to an American president.StarWar (Tue Aug 13 22:00:19 1996 IST): Uday, I am in Los Angeles, CAPeace (Tue Aug 13 22:02:38 1996 IST): Wwhy is the American government so condecending towrds the third world countries?praful and achin : (Tue Aug 13 22:03:09 1996 IST): the Indian demand for time bound link to ctbt is an utterly unconvincing cover for its own duplicity and its obsession wiht keeping the nuclear weapons option including the fusion option indefiniteoy open.Krepon (Tue Aug 13 22:04:06 1996 IST): Amberish: The idea of non-testing and non-use for the next fifty years may well be utopian, but this would be an easier task than phased reductions to zero. Actually, I propose to pursue both simultaneously, although not with the deadlines that India and other states demand. To me, a CD negotiations on deadlines for disarmament is a recipe for stalemate. Worse, it would let the US Russia off the hook for START III, IV, V. (Sorry for the fishing metaphorshave just spent a few days with friends dropping lines in the water.) Actually, the least difficult strategy is to demand no more tests and no more use. This is the most direct approach to devaluation. StarWar (Tue Aug 13 22:07:10 1996 IST): Raja Mohan, when was India responsible for an imbroglio concerning nuclear issue? Any precedence. If so, is there a learning piece from that experience that you (India Ministry) are not employing to execute the CTBT successfully. praful and achin (Tue Aug 13 22:07:49 1996 IST): Nikhil: you can always create a situation thro media manipulation where a consensus is manufactured and then say that you cnanot sign a ctbt etc. the same govt signs unequa;l treaties e.g. gatt but refuses to sign a nondiscriminatory ctbt. Lets be precise. NPT is disciminatiory but a CTBT can at best be claimed to be disciminatory depending upon your interpretaition of various provisions. New Delhis stand is unconvincing and inconsistent.(Tue Aug 13 22:08:24 1996 IST): This is raj. Achin and Praful seem to think only India has motivations in its approach to the ctbt. What about the US? Why has the US been so enthusiastic about the ctbt after so many years? It is worth asking this question. Many US officials are on record saying that the principal gain for the US from the ctbt is that it will freeze the nuclear capabilities of all others. That the UsS will gain much less from additional testing than the threshold states. The CTBt is part of a larger arms control strategy of the US where it wants to retain its primacy in the international system. Why do praful and achin love the US hegemony so much?amberish (Tue Aug 13 22:11:10 1996 IST): Michael, thanks. No more tests and no more use. Here comes one tricky part, how do we ensure that those with nuke weapons wont use them or blackmail others with them (precisely Indias fears vis-a-vis China, and definitely Pakistans fear against a nuke India). So what can be done to have some surety at this stage that signing a CTBT is not Indias death warrant?Krepon (Tue Aug 13 22:12:12 1996 IST): Praful Achin: Thank you for joining us. I am at a loss to figure out how to mend the EIF problem at this late date. China, Russia, Egypt, Pakistan, Iran, and perhaps other countries have indicated that they cannot accept a less inclusive list of states that must sign, ratify without disabling conditions, and deposit ratifications before the CTBTs entry into force. Given the difficulties involved in getting 44 countries to take such action, it is mystifying why New Delhi has declared that it will block transmittal of treaty text from Geneva to New York. Hell: The Republican Party seems to have decided to take cary of Indias problem. That India should have adopted such an extreme position is rather extraordinary. What is the matter of principle or sovereignty that is so great as to disallow other countries from signing the CTBT?Krepon (Tue Aug 13 22:14:42 1996 IST): Nikhil: This is our sad lot: The political arguments that work in India are hemlock in the US; the arguments that work for a CTBT here (such as stockpile steawrship) reinforce worst fears in India.praful and achin (Tue Aug 13 22:15:30 1996 IST): Raj: we will not descend to the gutter level. We have been consistently critical of the US and all other nuclear weapon states, more so than you and others who are preapared even to compromise on the NPT. Our opposition to the npt lets remind you, is a) more accurate b0 more comprehensive c) more consistent than yours, Subramaniam, sunderji etc. We do question US motives.But we are not so stupid as to argue that the motives determine the objective outcomes of all treaties or that motives should primarily decide whether India shoudl sign the CTBT.Nikhil Lakshman (Tue Aug 13 22:15:50 1996 IST): Mr Krepon, do you think (Tue Aug 13 22:18:52 1996 IST): Mr Krepon: Do you think it is fair for America to arm twist the other countries into signing the CTBT infact even talk about it, after they have perfected their Nuclear capacities and built up their arsenal as well as become A one stop shop for terrorists and warring nationsKrepon (Tue Aug 13 22:22:04 1996 IST): Amberish: You and Rajamohan and many other thoughtful and intelligent Indians talk about the coercise power of nuclear weaponseven though they may no longer be used, they still have political utility. This notion may have been true in the past, but is it true today? How useful were nukes in the Vietnam War? Or the Suez Crisis? When the US recently threatened Libya, elliptically, over the CW facility under construction, which country was more damagedthe US or Libya? Why continue to foster the myth that nukes provide political utility or coercise power? What power resides in a weapon that cannot be used? The real instrument of coercison today is economic power, not nukes. Stop repeating arguments that no longer make sense! Nikhil Lakshman (Tue Aug 13 22:27:08 1996 IST): Mr Krepon, you mentioned a little while ago that the CTBT will be in limbo for many years. Does that mean the treaty is brain dead, and that the CD in Geneva will end in a stalemate? Is there hope for the treaty to be revived? And what will it take for that to happen?(Tue Aug 13 22:29:05 1996 IST): michael, this is raj. i dont have to tell you that the US has drawn profound lessons from the gulf war. that nuclear weapons and other mass destruction weapons can be used to constain US conventional superiority in regional conflicts. Both the US nuclear posture reveiw and the counterproliferation doctrine have reemphasized the utility of nuclear weapons. Can we really deny that? I think the US is being prudent. why dont you give the same benefit of doubt to India?amberish (Tue Aug 13 22:30:00 1996 IST): Michael, there is no doubt that economic power means a lot more than weapons in the armoury. Which is why Japan is a power today, and India is not (nor for that matter suspected nuclear states like Pakistan, Israel, N Korea). But Japan is protected by being close to US and is part of US economic ties. Regarding the use of N-arms, that is precisely the fear: that the only time they were used was against a country that did not posses them (Japan, August 1945), and never again when there was a threat (howsoever remote) of retaliation Vietnam and Suez had at least covert Soviet backing. In fact, other opposing powers kept a check, and today it is this very system of checks and balances that is missing. and which must be redressed, in part, by the US.Nikhil Lakshman (Tue Aug 13 22:31:12 1996 IST): Mr Krepon, have you been in touch with the Pakistanis? Do you sense a weakening of their resolve? (Tue Aug 13 22:33:39 1996 IST): michael, this is raj. i dont have to tell you that the US has drawn profound lessons from the gulf war. that nuclear weapons and other mass destruction weapons can be used to constain US conventional superiority in regional conflicts. Both the US nuclear posture reveiw and the counterproliferation doctrine have reemphasized the utility of nuclear weapons. Can we really deny that? I think the US is being prudent. why dont you give the same benefit of doubt to India?StarWar (Tue Aug 13 22:36:11 1996 IST): Michael Krepon, If todays coercion is economic biggy, why not legislate the treaty pass in U.N as majority not unanimous. This was incidentally suggested by Jaap Ramaker of Netherlands. Secondly, if China, Russia, Britain and France opt to wait till India, Pak and Israel ratify your goddamn treaty, comments like the four Bs are hiding behind Indian sari may not be very diplomatic. Capitol Hill has a reputation, you know.Krepon (Tue Aug 13 22:36:13 1996 IST): Raja: You have become quite adept at putting those who disagree with your perspective on the defensivebut I miss your analytical talents. You ask why the US has all of a sudden become so supportive of the CTBT. Surely there must be some nefarious ulterior motives, such as putting India into a strait jacket.

Peter Calabrese Essays - Business Cycle, Financial Crises

Peter Calabrese Economics 101 Dr. Maglione March 22, 2000 How has your life changed since 1991? Have you noticed: an increase of material goods around your house, a new car in your driveway, or a little bit bigger gut due to eating more prime rib and filet mignon. If you have answered yes to any of these questions you are among the millions that have benefited from the economic boom. The economic boom refers to the period of economic expansion that started in March of 1991 and is still happening to this day. The following report will analyze various aspects of the economic boom including: what contributed to the boom and the areas of the economy which are positively and negatively affected. It will also review how long it is projected to last and possibilities that could send our economy into a recession or even depression. "The Economic Boom" as previously stated refers to the period of economic expansion that started in March of 1991 and has been proceeding for the past 108 months. These 108 months have been the longest period of economic growth ever in American history. The stock market is growing faster than it ever has before. Unemployment is at an all time low and what's even more impressive is that inflation is staying down. As of February 2000 over 100,000 people were earning over a million dollars a year. It seems as though everything is contributing to the "Boom". Suddenly there is an increase in entrepreneurs, these entrepreneurs create jobs for people. The stock market is reaching record heights and with unemployment at a low people have money to invest in companies. Stocks now account for 54% if household financial assets. 40 million investors have entered the market since the Boom began. The end of the cold war is another of the more important events leading to the ?Boom." With the collapse of the Soviet Union, America has been able to reduce its emphasis from national security to economic growth. Now instead of making wartime supplies with increased tax revenue the government can set it sites on balancing the budget. To further increase American production and sales European and Asian countries began dropping trade barriers. Finally and perhaps of most importance is the new technology. Technology is paving the way toward the future. Everything from online stock trading to car companies such as Ford ordering supplies. Online buying or e-commerce has cut cost and the time that it takes to ship a product. Free markets incorporated states that purchasers are saving anywhere from 2% to 5% by letting suppliers bid for business online Gartner group estimates that technology investments will rise from 3.5% of revenue which it is now to an average of 5.8%. The internet also allows instant analysis of goods farmers can find where they will get the highest prices for their crops, and after these crops have been delivered they can log onto the net to see how their product compares to others of the same type. Finally the net is also used to collect information from customers. This information can then be used to design a more desirable superior product. For the most part the main part of the economy that is positively affected by the "Boom" is technology and anyone that has anything to do with technology. From technology stocks to business that process orders online technology is making the market turn. However certain parts of the economy seem to be going belly up. Low price imports from developing countries are wiping out thousands of American jobs in the steel and textile industries. As a matter of fact even in this time of economic wealth 44 million Americans are still without health insurance. Finally the gap between poor and rich is enormous, The bottom fifth of US households receives less than 4% of the national income with the top fifth is responsible of obtaining more than half of the income. How long will the "Boom" last? No one can really tell for sure, but predictions can be made as to why it will either bust or continue. In a recent interview with President Clinton he states the reasons that he believes the boom will last. First the president states that the hard times

How does the temperature of a squash ball affects the impact time of the ball drops from a certain height Essays

How does the temperature of a squash ball affects the impact time of the ball drops from a certain height Essays How does the temperature of a squash ball affects the impact time of the ball drops from a certain height Essay How does the temperature of a squash ball affects the impact time of the ball drops from a certain height Essay If is greater with impact time being constant, the average must be greater. When temperature of the squash ball is low, it is quite soft and easy to be deformed. The impact time is hypothesized to be longer. As temperature increases, the squash ball will become more rigid and deform less. The impact time is hypothesized to be shorter. Since, when the impact time is smaller with net force being constant, the average force must be greater. Therefore, with the two effects, the average force of the impact is hypothesized to be greater when temperature increases.Method and materials.Experiment (a)Since there is originally no any equipment that can measure the extremely short impact time, therefore I had to develop several ideas to measure the time. These are the six possible solutions:1. Stroboscopic photosThe negative is put under long exposure. And the experiment is supposed to be performed in a dark room otherwise the negative will be over expose. Stroboscope is needed to give the flas hes at a very high frequency. Under which, the images of the falling ball including the impacting period will be taken. We will then count the numbers of images that are touching the ground (impact period). With the frequency shown on the stroboscope, we can then calculate the impact time of the squash ball.However there is limitation of the experiment. The impacting images may pack too close to each other that we cannot distinguish the number of them and fail to calculate the correct value.Moreover stroboscopic photos are difficult to be taken well. It requires skill to control the exposure so that the photos taken will not be too bright or too dark for observation. Therefore the suggestion was abandoned.2. Ultrasonic position sensor (UPS)Place a UPS on the ground; drop the ball from certain height to it. The UPS is connected to a computer for receiving data. A graph of distance against time will be plotted automatically. By observing the length of time when the distance is at zero , we can know the impact time of the ball.However, later I acknowledged that the speed of the ultrasonic waves is not fast enough to measure the fast dropping object to give accurate results. Therefore the suggestion was abandoned.3. Conduction sensorFix a piece of foil on a dense plate (cutting board), on the surface place another piece of foil closely but without touching the first one. Both foils are connected to a scalar timer with wires. The ball is then dropped onto the upper foil, pressing the foil and closing the circuit. When the ball rebounds, the upper foil releases and disconnects the circuit. The impact time can be indirectly collected from the conduction time. As this experiment was easier to perform, I used the set up to find a rough impact time of about 0.01s~0.05s. This result can be then used as a assumption value for other suggestion.However, it was suggested that the upper foil may obstruct the falling speed of the ball. This leads to an experimental error of the results. Moreover after the ball rebounds and leaves the upper foil, the foil may still in touch with the lower foil due to deformation. The impact time we get may be over estimated.4. Light sensorSet up a light sensor on the table with the light beam just situate above the table surface. Then drop the ball to cut the beam. The time that the light sensor obtains is the impact time.However, as the light beam has finite thickness, it is not accurate enough to measure the impact time. The ball may cut the beam too early and leave too late which over estimate the impact time. Furthermore, it is difficult to ensure the ball drop exactly to the light beam by its lowest point. The results may not be accurate.5. Formula and calculationFirst we need to measure the dropping height, e.g. A cm. Then we drop the ball and at the same time start to count the time using a timer. When the ball rebounds to the highest point we stop the timer and at the same time record the highest point it reaches, e.g. B cm. let the total time for the process be C seconds. From the formula s=ut +(1/2) at2. We then substitute distances B and C to find out the time need for dropping and rebounding.But deficiencies are still being found for this alternative. There is reaction time error in working the timer. The reaction error is even larger than the impact time. Also, the highest point the ball reaches may not be accurately detected. So the measurement is considered not working.6. Digital-video camera approachUse the camera to take the impacting images of the ball. Then replay the film to find out the time of impact. As we found out that the impact time is around 0.03Final decisionAfter series of consideration, I made the final choice to use the option 3. Despite its limitation that may lead to over estimation of results, I found the problems that may occur in No.3 least essential. Moreover stretching the upper foil a little can reduce the deformation of the upper foil. So this measuring method was selected.Experimental set up.In the experiment I prepared the following material for the setting up.MaterialsKettle, clamp, chopsticks, squash balls, stand, towel, scalar timer, aluminium foil, aluminium tape, plastic tape, wire, clips, cutting board, a pack of unused paper card.MethodsFirst of all, Impact Time Measuring Device (ITMD) was made as core of the set up:Aluminium foil was stuck to the cutting board until its upper surface was completely filled up by the tape. I then check the conduction of the foil to ensure no gaps between each strip of tape. Then an 8x8cm2 hole was made from 10x10cm2 paper card. A piece of 8x9cm2 foil was then stretched on the middle of the hole. Then I used tape to fix the foil on two ends of the hole. The paper card with the foil on top was put onto the upper surface (with foil) of the cutting without the two piece of aluminium touching each other. Then both foils were connected to two separated wires with crocodile clips and the wires were conn ected to the scalar timer. The ITMD was finished.In order to test if the ITMD was reliable, I performed several dropping test for checking. Firstly I dropped the ball at room temperature of height 140 cm; unfortunately the results each time collected were not consistent. They had differences of about 50% to 200%. Therefore I changed the setting of the paper card. I used a larger piece of foil (99 cm2) and stretched it to the four end of the paper hole. The later tests showed improvement as the differences drop to about 20% to 60%. And I thought that it may due the deformation of foil that the two foils still pressed to each other when the ball left. So I stuck another piece of paper card with hole just right beneath the original one. It was done to increase the distance between the two foils by about 0.5mm so that they are more likely to separate after the ball has left. The tests followed were more coherent as their differences were just about 10 % to 20%. Then I varies the droppin g height to see if the measurer could detect the time different (room temperature). It showed an increasing trend of impact time when the dropping height increase. That proved that it senses changes.The kettle was then used to boil the water for heating up squash balls; however it is not convenient to do in this way, so I changed to use a water bath instead. With the water bath, I could then adjust the temperature I want easily. Clamps were used to release the balls instead of the chopsticks. Firstly stand with clamp were put on the lab table. I measured 130 cm from the bottom of the ball in the clamp vertically to the centre of the cutting board. Then the squash balls were first immersed into water of 20.2oC for 10 minutes to ensure the balls were have same temperature as water. Then I used the clamp to take one from the water bath, quickly dried it with towel and transferred to the clamp on the stand, released it to the centre of the paper. Then I repeated the procedure by another nine times to collect ten data at that temperature. In between, I recorded the impact time from the scalar timer. After that I continued the experiment with an increase of 10 oC until it reached 100 oC. For the handling of hot balls, working gloves were needed.Experiment (b)MaterialsClamp, squash balls, stand, towel, scalar timer, aluminium foil, aluminium tape, plastic tape, wire, clips, cutting board, a pack of unused paper card, water bath, working gloves.1. Same platform (cutting board with paper card) in experiment (b) was used to make the condition of two experiments more constant. Pieces of blank papers were first placed along the drop ping track of the ball on the side of the lab table. The balls were taken from the water bath of the temperatures as Experiment (b), dried, transferred to clamp and dropped to the cutting board quickly. The highest points it reached after the rebound were marked onto the papers. I repeated ten times for each temperature. Finally measuring tape was used to measure the rebound height of each temperature.Data CollectionDropping Height=130.0 + 0.1cm1. Temperature=20.2 + 0.4 o CTrial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm1818.218.218.418.418.418.618.8191918.5+0.2Impact time/0.001s191920202020212224240.0209Uncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (18+18.22+18.43+18.6+18.8+192)/10 = 18.5 cm + 0.2cmUncertainty =Mean impact time =Uncertainty =2. Temperature=30.0+0.4oCTrial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm27.227.427.427.427.827.828.428.428.628.627.9Impact time/0.001s161920202021222324240.0209Uncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (27.2+27.43+27.82+28.42+28.62)/10 = 27.9 + 0.2 cmUncertainty =Mean impact time = (20.9 + 1.3) 10-3sUncertainty =3. Temperature = 40.0+ 0.4oCTrial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm35.835.836.336.436.436.436.436.436.636.836.3Impact time/0.001s1719202121212222232421Uncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (35.82+36.3+36.45+36.6+36.8)/10 = 36.3+0.2cmUncertainty =Mean impact time =( 21+1.1) 10-3sUncertainty =4. Temperature = 50.0+0.4oCTrial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm4144.644.844.844.844.8454545.445.644.6Impact time/0.001s1819191920212223232420.8Uncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (41.0+44.6+44.84+45.02+45.4+45.6)/10 = 44.6+ 0.7cmUncertainty =Mean impact time = (20.8+0.9) 10-3sUncertainty =Trial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm51.651.851.8525252.252.252.652.65452.3Impact time/0.001s1719192021212121222320.45. Temperature = 60.0+0.4oCUncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (51.6+51.82+522+52.22+52.62+54)/10 = 52.3+0.4cmUncertainty =Mean impact time = average time = (20.4+0.9) 10-3sUncertainty =6. Temperature = 70.0+0.4 oCTrial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm60.460.660.661.661.861.862.662.662.863.261.8Impact time/0.001s1619192020202121222420.2Uncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (60.4+60.62+61.6+61.8+62.62+62.8+63.2)/10=61.8+0. 4cmUncertainty =Mean impact time= average time = (20.2+1.3) 10-3sUncertainty =7. Temperature = 80.0+0.4 oCTrial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm6868.869.269.269.870.670.871.672.673.670.4Impact time/0.001s1717182121212222232320.5Uncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (68.0+68.8+69.2+69.8+70.6+70.8+71.6+72.6+73.6)/10 = 70.4+0.9cmUncertainty =Mean impact time = average time =( 20.5+0.8) 10-3sUncertainty =8. Temperature = 90.0+0.4 oCTrial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm74.674.876.8777777.677.877.878.478.877.1Impact time/0.001s161920202021212223251.4Uncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (74.6+74.8+76.8+772+77.6+77.8+78.4+78.8)/10 = 77.1+0.7cmUncertainty =Mean impact time = average time = (20.7+1.4) 10-3sUncertainty =9. Temperature = 100.0+0.4 o CTrial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm8080.880.881.48282.682.882.883.48482.1Impact time/0.001s1920202020232121212521Uncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (80.0 +80.82+81.4+82+82.6+82.82+83.4+84)/10 = 82.1+0.6cmUncertainty =Mean impact time = average time =(21+0.9) 10-3sUncertainty =ObservationThe size of the squash ball increased as temperature increased.At high temperatures ;80 oC, the surface of the squash ball became rough as some of the rubber skin of the squash ball was boil away.AnalysisThe impact time against the temperature:Unlike my hypothesis, the result of the impact time of the ball showed no obvious change when temperature increased. Moreover the pattern of the trend was not the way I thought where it was hypothesized to increase as temperature increase.The graph of rebound height against temperature:The rebound height showed obvious increase as temperature. The results fit with the hypothesis. The rate of increase of rebound height was quite constant from temperature 20 o C to 80 o C. Then it started to decrease from temperature 80 o C to 100 o C.At the time of impact, the force diagram of the ball is like this:There were two forces acting on the ball, one is the normal force acted by the ground, the other one is the gravitational force acted by the earth. Since net force of the ball, therefore the force acted by the groundTemperature of squash ball / o C20.230405060708090100Average force acted on the squash ball by the ground /N7.98.48.79.19.59.910.110.210.2From the graph of force acted on the ball against temperature. I found that the highest increase rate of force occurring at temperature at around 20-30o C, high increase rate continued from 20-65 o C. The rate of increase slowly decreased as it approached temperature greater than 70 o C and finally showed no change around 100 o C. By drawing a line of symmetry from the top of the trend line, we could observe that the highest average force the ground acting on the ball to be about 10.2N.DiscussionAverage forceAs stated , the graph showed a maximum average of ~10.2N. It suggested that if the velocity of the squash ball is hold constant, the average fo rce that can be exerted to a squash ball by a stationary impacting surface will be at maximum when temperature around 95o C.However the average force will not drop to zero when temperature drops to absolute zero. Since the average force acted on the ball by the ground , it is always ;0 because the velocity of the ball is changing. According to the Newtons first law of motion, every body continues on it state of rest of uniform speed in a straight line unless acted on by a nonzero force. At the point of impact, the ball accelerates upward. The only force that points upward is the normal force by the ground. Although there may be a possibility that the ball drops and sticks to the ground at extreme low temperature, causing the ?t to be infinite, but still there is the opposing force acts by the ground again the weight of the ball. So the average force by the ground must at least equal to 9.810.023 which is ~0.23N.In addition, the rate of increase of average force acted by the ground i s believed to fall at the lower temperature. As shown in the graph above, the trend line is pointing toward zero at temperature-273. We have explained that the trend will not be zero even when the temperature is -273. One possible way will be a turning point located somewhere between -273 to 20o C. And if there is a turning at that certain point, the rate of increase must be lower at that point.Rebound heightThe rate of increase of rebound is quite constant until at 80 o C it decreased. Theoretically the trend line will approach 130cm when temperature goes to infinity. However it is not possible because squash ball will melt at high temperature. For the low extreme, the squash may not rebound properly as the low temperature may constrict the plastic layer of squash ball, making it deforms, losing it quality. It is just a prediction and is difficult to perform in the school lab.Impact timeThe impact time showed no relation with the range of temperature set for experiment. The set up may not be sensitive to sense the different.Relation of force and energy at the impactThe potential energy of the ball was changed to kinetic energy before the impact; some of the energy was lost to the air friction. At the impact, some of the kinetic energy was transferred to heat energy of the ground and the ball. Some of it was transferred to the sound energy. It lost his energy and rebounded to a lower height. Those energy did lose in the impact was transferred to build up the shear modulus (elastic energy) of the ball. The greater the elastic energy is the higher the ball rebound.Evaluation of the experimentThe experiment was considered successful as the data showed a direct relationship between average force and temperature of the squash ball and a decreasing rate of increase of average force when the temperature increases. However the impact times collected were about the same which contradicted to my hypothesis. They were not even in sequence. That may due to the deficiency of the experimental set up. The foils might still connect together a short time after the ball had left. Although the time is short compared to the impact time, it changed for every impact. Therefore the impact time I got was not in a trend but about the length. it may also due to the insensitivity of the set up. After all I still managed to get the approximate impact time for the calculation of average force.For the rebound height experiment, it was quite good. There was little problem such as the imprecise way of recording rebounding height by using eye observation.On the whole, there were many systematic errors in both experiments that may affect the results. For examples, the size of the ball increased as temperature increased, it might have increased the impact time of the ball due to larger impacting area. It was possible to be the reasons for the unsuccessful for the impact time results. This might also affect the rebound height of the experiment.The foil on the cutting board reduced the velocity before impact. It might have reduced the rebound height and the impact time of the ball. The average force might have been over estimated or under estimated depends on the extent of reduction of the rebound height and impact time.Heat lost rate increased as temperature of ball increased. That suggested that the rebound height should be at the lower temperature. The rebound heights were over estimated for the higher temperature. The impact times were also affected in a certain degree.ImprovementRenew the upper foil whenever it deforms to avoid over estimation of impact time. However it may be inconvenient.Change to another method in measuring the impact time. e.g. light sensor.For the measuring of the rebound height, we can ask a partner to observe the rebound ball at the same level to improve accuracy. We can also do more repetitions for more data.Drop the squash balls directly without transferring them to the clamp on the stand. However high delicacy is need t o ensure the dropping height is right and not initial force is applied to the ball.ConclusionThe results of the experiment stated that there are changes of average force acted on the ball by the impact surface with the velocity of ball hold constant. The maximum average force will be reached at temperature around 95oC. This proved that the hypothesis to be true. However the hypothesis for the impact time was not proven to be true as the set up was appropriate enough to measure the data accurately.Nevertheless, the result still showed the rate of increase in average force of impact at different. By using the data we can know that at what temperature does the squash ball work most effectively with the smallest force given. The data can also be useful for the manufacture of squash ball.

Group Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Group Ethics - Essay Example In the next few pages, this essay will take an in depth look at police crimes, especially police brutality, and determine if an individual officer is likely to report crimes against fellow officers. Most laypeople have heard the term â€Å"blue wall of silence.† It refers to the fact that police officers, colloquially called boys in blue, do not report the crimes of one another, and would, in fact, lie to defend another officer if necessary. The author of â€Å"Police Ethics and Integrity: Breaking the Blue Code of Silence† (Westmarland, 2005) administered a study that showed some evidence to the contrary. She performed a questionnaire survey that revealed â€Å"officers’ attitudes towards certain unethical behaviour† (Westmarland, 2005). The questionnaire asked officers about a wide range of crimes including accepting â€Å"gifts† from business owners, accepting money from citizens caught in traffic violations, but wanting to avoid tickets, stealing items from crime scenes, and committing violent acts against community residents. The results of the study showed that in some instances, officers would feel compelled to report the bad deeds of o ther officers. For example, 97 percent of officers reported they would tell on a fellow officer if he saw him taking money from a found wallet; 98.5 percent of officers reported that would inform against an officer who stole a watch from a crime scene; but only 65.5 percent of those officers thought that hitting a suspect during an arrest was a very serious offense, and a small number of officers felt that punching a suspect was not serious at all. Basically speaking, the blue wall seems to have its own code of ethics. Officers who are violent against citizens are still more acceptable than officers who break the law for financial gain. Racial profiling, or targeting members of a particular ethnic group based on preconceived notions about that group, is thought to be one

History (Lindeberg, David C. 2007. The Beginnings of Western Science Essay

History (Lindeberg, David C. 2007. The Beginnings of Western Science. 2nd Ed. University of Chicago Press - Essay Example (Ancient Greek Medicine, 2002) Romans had a strong relationship with Greece and the Greek medicines, especially the Hippocratic, were popular among Romans as well Hippocrates, the ancient Greek physician is considered as the father of medicine and still all the medical students in the world take the Hippocratic Oath as a matter of respect to this greatest contributor to the medical field. Hippocrates is believed to be the first one who rejected the idea of the involvement of supernatural as the cause of diseases. He was the one who was able to separate the medicine from religion. As per the ancient beliefs, diseases were considered as the curses of God. Hippocrates has proved that diseases were happened due to reasons other than the one taught by the religion and he considered medicine as a science rather than religion. The Hippocratic writings introduced patient confidentiality, a practice which is still in use today. â€Å"Hippocrates recommended that physicians record their findings and their medicinal methods, so that these records may be passed down and employed by other physicians. Other Hippocratic writings associated personality traits with the relative abundance of the four humours in the body: phlegm, yellow bile, black bile, and blood, and was a major influence on Galen and later on medieval medicine†(Hippocrates) ANATOMY is the study, classification, and description of structures and organs of the body. PHYSIOLOGY is the study and process of the function of the human. It is the study of the physical and chemical processes involved in the functioning of the living organisms and their component parts. (Karin & David) In the Hellenistic era the foundation of the city of Alexandria implied from the very beginning an intensive and very productive interaction between the Egyptian cultural heritage and the Greek

Links Between Social Change and Knowledge

Links Between Social Change and Knowledge When considering the immensity of accessible knowledge today in our high-tech society it seems more than evident that social change is in equation. The vast scope of fields in which ICT’s (information, communication, technologies)  have invaded the global market with it’s unfathomable possibilities just might start a revolution. Knowledge societies now have freely accessible information transmitted  instantaneously serving as a support for all essential needs. This capacity to meet the overall needs of the world and the reperccusions of global knowledge on mankind may conceal  unthinkable changes. Education, environmental issues, government issues, religion, science ,wealth and risk management have become ressources through internet of intellectual sharing and education. Valuable information at the touch of the keyboard is not without the responsability that this implies.This massive information giving has caused considerable change in the personal development of each individual having access to a computer and internet, therefore  allowing fulfilment in once unthinkable places, enabling the inclusion of disadvantaged people. On the other hand this may become another reason that accentuates social exclusion in developing countries. The gap between internet users and non internet users may become unbridgeable at some point. Computer savvy and computer illiterate may plunge the needy into even a greater abyss. What will the side effects be when highly educated masses meet their extreme opposite counterparts? Imagine the freedom of expression in any given language due to training, an inquisitive eye for other cultures, other lands, other ways of being and expressions of life. The cultural shock would jolt our high-tech societies into facing the fact that with all this information there are still huge discepansies of social classes throughout the world. We frankly need to’ mind the gap’! This social exclusion for the sake and risk of revolutionary technologies may also cause our downfall. The incredible benefits for those that have access as compared to those who don’t is reinforcing the idea of social power. Companies and individuals have become direct advocates of risk management and wealth management. On a daily basis right from your home or office you can consult any of your personal investments 24 hours a day. People have become their own financial partners  having consequently earned their financial freedom. This freedom has made considerable social changes .People are more and more aware of the myriad of finacial placement possibilites and their options. Without having to leave the ofice they are able to orchestrate their choices by internet which not only brings them to finacial freedom, but to more leisure time.People are planning their future in an industrious way. What can we say for the risk society in social changes? We can probably say that the stakes are even higher than they were before. Social contrast, environmental pollution, nuclear and chemical weapons, transportation, the crime rate, drug abuse, war, civilian protection, military mangement; all of which through globalisation have created a state of international insecurity. Awareness on a daily basis of this state of unsafeness has largely contributed to either ignoring the situation and living with your head in the sand, or doing something about it. The person playing the ostrich will still feel insecure. The person that employs his energy in doing something about it may also feel insecure although he has made the choice to make a small step towards change on another level. Neither one of the two cases illustrated is a comfortable situation to be in . Generations of wearing blinders makes for more generations of wearing blinders which can only ignite the steaming anger of the disadvantaged. On the other hand there are those who give their support doing their best to nuture a feeling of solidarity towards the less fortunate. Social changes are also produced by the risk society for several other outstanding reasons. The fact that a high rate of divorce means children coming from mono-parental homes and the precariousness therein is a risk foundation factor of today’s society; Children are left to their own sort,while women are making up for lost time in executive positions on the work force. This new work pattern will affect the structure of the society in it’s roots. Medicine has made astounding technological advancements in disease prevention and treatments.Which means we have a high increase in population of people over fifty. Science and medicine alike have progressed in all areas through consequent research. The outmost prepoderance today is in the domain of bioethics. How are we as citizens of the world going to respect, encourage, develop, the the safekeeping of humanity through scientific practices? Therefore using those creations for the good of mankind excluding any attempt to manipulate, exploit, destroy,or govern others through these practices. We have come to the stage of our development when it might seem as if we were all reading a former science fiction scenario which has finally come true. How have religious beliefs changed with knowledge? Religion has always been subjective whereas science is prouvable knowledge. In the light of the fact that’ faith’ is’ faith ‘ religion has basically remained the same. Few or little changes have occured in the basic concepts. What has changed is the participation and questioning of how faith is transposed. Recently at a conference a woman in the audience made the remark that when the chips are down people turn to their faith and to their God. What awareness has changed are the blossoming number of charities in the world today. People are using their faith and expressing it through social services to the disadvantaged. If church attendance is ‘down’ the charitiy services are’ up’ putting faith into action. Advocates of human rights charities, NGO’s, and humanitarian services combined represent a great influence in counter balancing political issues. Interdenomonational efforts are being made for problem solving,  empowerme nt, and conscience raising. Since the emphasis s not put on the doctrines but more on the strengths of uniting forces, yet another social pattern is changing in the face of new knowledge. In Europe this plurality is especially changing patterns when it comes to world peace. You may find at the same peace movement Muslims, Communists, Catholics all with the same amount of exploitable energy for world peace. A wave of interest for self-help litterature and New Age spirituality are allowing people to commit themselves in a more individually expressed way. Some choose community service, others NGO’s which may have a more political priority towards human rights, politics, clubs, or groups of people with standards and values to uphold that do not necessarily have a religious doctrine connotation but with a sense of mankind. Globalisation  of thoughts has brought about many changes. We need to take into consideration that readily available knowledge influences thought and produces changes in patterns. Whenever there is a change in patterns society is directly implicated as a result of those changes. Globalisation has lead to localization. People may suffer a loss of the individual being drowned by the mass in his identification process. He will therefore feel a need to imply himself on a lesser scale to connect with non virtual existences and to have real life contact. The tendancy w ill be to form small groups as opposed to immense circles. Business has already predomonated the patterns by imposing it’s multinational structures upon the world. People will feel a need for real human contact on a smaller scale to be able to face the more universal scale they observe everyday on television. Taking good care of oneself has also become a new priority. A sort of self-awareness that has it’s repercissions on the choice of knowledge saught and it’s resulting change in patterns of thought. Change the thought patterns and society is highly affected as people with self- help in mind and individual emergence are evolving. Innovative skills and knowledge are at our disposal for inner growth. Perhaps the awakening of the ‘self’ will allow individuals to meet global needs when their own needs are fulfilled. Media has changed our vision through worlwide news reports. Terrorist attacks have been presented live on TV throughout the entire world. The risk society is even more exposed to insecurity by what is said than by what remains unsaid. Commercials have shaped the image of men and women and given children role models that impress upon them neurotic behaviour as being quite normal. Reality shows are allowing us to enter into somebody’s living room and experience their daily life in every aspect. This is bound to have an effect on our vision of others and our opinion of the world and it’s inhabitants. Our reasoning has been greatly influenced by the everyday aspect of media use through television,  radio, magazines, newspapers. This constant focusing of visual and auditive input has also been a determining factor in social change. In conclusion, countless examples of how knowledge is linked to social change have lead me to believe that without knowledge in the first place there would be little room for change in the first place. When the expression’ ignorance is bliss’ is used it might just be that with the acceptance of knowledge the notion of responsability is heavy with meaning. The inevitable social changes that will occur stemming from cognitive growth are perhaps not always what we would hope them to be. Citizens of the world need to assume their knowledge and the forthcoming responsibilities that it will engender. References: Bauman Zygmunt (1992) Intimations of Postmodernity, London, Rutledge Beck, Ulrich (1992) Risk Society; Towards a New Modernity, London: Sage (1992) Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Whc.unesco.org/world-he.htm The Development of Common Risk ‘society’ a theoretical overview Shaw Martin www.sussex.ac.uk Rethinking Science: knowledge and the Public in the Age of Uncertainty (2001) Nowontny Helga, Scott Peter, Gibbons Michael (2001) Cambridge Polity Press

The Imagery of the Stone Angel :: Stone Angel

The Imagery of the Stone Angel In her novel, The Stone Angel, Margaret Laurence successfully uses the statue of the stone angel to represent the Currie family pride, Hagar's inability to relate and share her emotions, and the blindness and ignorance that results from refusing to consider any other point of view than your own. The Stone angel is symbolic of the Currie family pride because it does not seem to serve it's purpose, which is to honour Hagar's mother who had died giving birth to her. Hagar describes Mrs. Currie to be a "meek woman" and a "feeble ghost", whereas she describes herself to be "stubborn" and "practical". The statue was bought in Italy and brought to the Manawaka cemetery "at a terrible expense . . . in pride to mark her bones and proclaim his [Mr. Currie's] dynasty, as he fancied, forever and a day" (p. 3). Mr. Currie bought the angel "in pride" rather than in grief for someone he considdered his possesion, his "dynasty". The stone angel is also a symbol of Hagar's pride as she inherrited it from her father. It was this pride that kept her from speaking up and fighting for her brother when Mr. Currie sent her away to college to become "more civilized". She knew Matt deserved to go more than her, but she never stuck up for either him or herself. In an attempt at freedom, o r maybe just to spite her father, Hagar married Bram Shipley soon after she came back from school. From day one, Hagar's marriage to Bram was a complete embarrassment to her and her family: "When i'd listen to Bram spinning his cobwebs, then it would turn my stomach most of all, not what he said but that he made himself a laughingstock" (p. 114). Upon hearing about their plans to wed, Hagar's father disowns her. Bram was not a rich man by any means, he drank heavily, always spoke in slang, and caused a scene on a regular basis. Hagar thought she'd be able to change him and coax him out of his wild ways, but when he proved her wrong, she just accepted the fact that she'd have to live with it or lie about it to save face. When applies for a job to get away from Mananawka and her husband, she lies to her boss as to her real relationship with Bram.